ࡱ> 7 jbjbjUU "7|7|qlDTBHHHHHHHHAAAAAAA$mC E:AHHHHHAt=HHqBt=t=t=HzHHAt=HAt=Vt=AAH< P 3 AAB0BAEt=EAt= !""  !" " &    4=> >1I5AB2> >B ;N18B5;8 =0 1J;30@A:0B0 8AB>@8O <5 ?>:0=8 40 4J@60 @5G 70 =0@>4=>ABB0 =0 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8. !JI>B> B>20 >1I5AB2> >B:@8 @>4>;N1828OB 1J;30@8= 8 AB>;8G5= ?5G0B0@ 3>A?>48= 5BJ@ ;CH:>2, :>9B> 15 BJ9 ;N1575= 8 I54J@ 40 874045 40@>< B078 :=86:0 70 2J?@>A=>B> >1I5AB2>, 8 07 <C 1;03>40@O =09-AJ@45G=>. J?@>AJB 70 =0@>4=>ABB0 =0 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8 =5 A5 87G5@?20 A B078 :=86:0.  =5O >10G5 5 :070=> =09-AJI5AB25=>B>, >B :>5B> A5 28640, G5 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8 ?@>4J;6020B 40 6825OB 2 4=5H=8B5 <0:54>=F8 8 G5 B5 A0 ?@8=04;560;8 =0 >=78 =0@>4, :>9B> =85 A530 =0@8G0<5 1J;30@A:8 =0@>4. !>D8O, 45:5<2@8 1938 3. -@ 0=G> &5=>2 0@>4=>ABB0 =0 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8 @548 @8<A:>B> 702>520=85 0;:0=A:8OB ?>;C>AB@>2 A5 =0A5;O20H5 >B 5;8=8 (3J@F8), B@0:8 8 8;8@89F8. "@0:8 A0 A5 =0@8G0;8 ?;5<5=0B0, :>8B> 68255E0 2 "@0:8O, 8;8@89F8  >=578, :>8B> 68255E0 2 ;8@8O, 0 5;8=8  >=578, :>8B> 68255E0 2 ;040. 10G5 8420B @8<;O=8B5, ?>:>@O20B B578 =0@>48 8 70275<0B F5;8O 0;:0=A:8 ?>;C>AB@>2. A25= B>20 @8<;O=8B5 70275E0 8 FO;0B0 4J@6020 =0 ;5:A0=4J@ 5;8:8, B>5AB 0;0 78O 8 38?5B. >=565 3>;O<0B0 8<A:0 4J@6020 =5 <>65H5 40 A5 C?@02;O20 >B 548= F5=BJ@, BO A5 @0745;8 =09-=0?@54 =0 G5B8@8, 0 ?>A;5 =0 425 4J@6028 AJA AB>;8F8 2 8< 8 &0@83@04. &0@83@04 15 >A=>20= =0 B@0:89A:>/<8789A:> A5;8I5 >B >=AB0=B8= 5;8:8, :>9B> =5 15H5 3@J:, A ?><>IB0 =0 35B8B5 8;8 <878B5, :>8B> AJI> B0:0 =5 1OE0 3J@F8. @54284 =0 B>20, &0@83@04 B@O120H5 40 AB0=5 A@548I5 =0 B@0:89A:0 :C;BC@0. ">20 =5 AB0=0, 70I>B> B@0:89F8B5, :>8B> 1OE0 @J:>2>48B5;8 =0 4J@6020B0, =O<0E0 A2>9 ?8A<5= 578: 8 A2>O ;8B5@0BC@0, 8 1OE0 ?@8=C45=8 40 A8 A;C60B A 3@JF:8 578: - 18;> ?@8 AJAB02O=5B> =0 @07=8 4J@602=8 0:B>25, 18;> ?@8 :>=B0:BC20=5B> A =O:>8 GC648 =0@>48. "J9 C?@02;O20I0B0 0@8AB>:@0F8O A5 ?>3J@G20H5 8 A 2@5<5 7B>G=0B0 @8<A:0 8<?5@8O, :>OB> A5 =0@5G5 8 870=B89A:0 8<?5@8O, 275 3@JF:8 >1;8:. >=565 =5 A0<> 2A8G:8 4J@602=8 0:B>25, => 8 2A8G:8 :=838 A5 ?8H5E0 =0 3@JF:8 578:, GC645=F8B5 A8 ?><8A;8E0, G5 FO;0B0 87=0B89A:0 8<?5@8O A5 >18B020 >B 3J@F8. 10G5 2J@EC B078 B570 A5 87:070E0 =0?>A;54J: AJ<=5=8O. J@F87<JB =0 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8 70?>G=0 40 A5 >A?>@20. ">9 A5 >A?>@8 8 2 J;30@8O >B ?@>D. 02@8; 0F0@>2, => 8 0F0@>2, :0:B> 8 4@C38B5, 87BJ:=0 A0<> =O:>8 40==8, >B :>8B> A5 28640, G5 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8 =5 I5 40 A0 18;8 3J@F8. '5 A0 18;8 1J;30@8 8;8 ?>=5 A;02O=8  B>20 0F0@>2 ?> =8:0:J2 =0G8= =5 4>?CA:0H5 8 =5 4>?CA:0, 70I>B> 5 ?@>B82 B570B0, G5 AB0@8B5 B@0:>8;8@89F8 A0 18;8 1J;30@8, :>8B> A0 ?@8=04;560;8 :J< A;02O=A:0B0 @0A0. 0:28 A0 18;8 B>3020 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8? >=565 4=5H=8B5 3J@F8 A0 ?>B><F8 =0 AB0@8B5 3J@F8, 4=5H=8B5 0;10=F8  =0 AB0@8B5 0;10=F8, 4=5H=8B5 2;0A8  =0 AB0@8B5 2;0A8, 18 B@O120;> 40 A5 :065, G5 8 4=5H=8B5 <0:54>=F8 A0 ?>B><F8 =0 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8. 0I> ?@028< BC: @07;8:0? J7@07O20 A5 >10G5, 70I>B> 4=5H=8B5 <0:54>=F8 3>2>@5;8 A;02O=A:8 578:, 0 A;02O=8B5 18;8 :JA=8 ?@8HJ;F8 2 0:54>=8O, BJ9 G5 =5 18;> 2J7<>6=> 4=5H=8B5 <0:54>=F8 40 A0 ?>B><F8 =0 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8. !530 B@O120 40 A5 2848 40;8 5 8<0;> A;02O=A:> 8420=5, 70I>B> 4=5H=8B5 <0:54>=F8 =5 A5 =0@8G0B A;02O=8 8 =5 :0720B, G5 B5E=8OB 578: 5 A;02O=A:8. A25= B>20 8AB>@8OB0 =5 7=05 =8I> 70 =O:0:20 A;02O=A:0 4J@6020 =0 0;:0=A:8O ?>;C>AB@>2. "C: 5 8<0;> 8 8<0 A0<> 4J@6028 =0 1J;30@8 8 AJ@18, 0 =5 8 =0 A;02O=8. =578, :>8B> :0720B, G5 5 8<0;> A;02O=A:> =0E;C20=5, @07?@02OB 70 B>20 =0E;C20=5 A;54=>B>: !;02O=8B5 4> 5 25: 6825;8 =0 A525@ >B 0@?0B8B5, 2 0;8F8O. J< :@0O =0 5 25: 8 =0G0;>B> =0 6 25: B5 <8=0;8 0@?0B8B5 8 705;8 0:8O, 4=5H=> ;0H:>, A;54 B>20 <8=0;8 C=02 8 70275;8 "@0:8O 8 ;8@8O.  :>30B> A5 ?8B0  :J45 A0 AB0@8B5 68B5;8 =0 0:8O, "@0:8O 8 ;8@8O, A5 >B3>20@O, G5 B5 18;8 C=8I>65=8 >B A;02O=8B5. ">20 ?@54?>;>65=85 A5 >?@>25@3020 >B D0:B8B5. 0I> A;02O=8B5, :>8B> A0 C=8I>68;8 B>;:>20 B@0:>8;8@89F8, =5 A0 >A=>20;8 A2>O 4J@6020? )>< A;02O=8B5 18;8 C=8I>68;8 B>;:>20 A2OB, :>;:>B> =8:>9 4@C3 =0@>4 =0 A25B0 =5 5 ?@028; 4>A530, B@O120H5 40 AJ74040B 54=0 3>;O<0 A;02O=A:0 8<?5@8O. "0:>20 =5I> =O<0. <5AB> B>20 =85 =0<8@0<5 A;02O=8B5 ?>:>@=8 @>18 =0 3@JF:0B0 870=B89A:0 8<?5@8O! >1548B5;8B5 18;8 AB0=0;8 @>18 =0 ?>1545=8B5. B:J45 A5 275E0 3J@F8B5, :>8B> C?@02;O20E0 0;:0=A:8O ?>;C>AB@>2, 0:> A;02O=8B5 =08AB8=0 1OE0 C=8I>68;8 BC: 2A8G:8 3J@F8 8 B@0:>8;8@89F8? 0B> A5 8<0B ?@54284 B578 D0:B8, 8<0 ;8 =O:0:J2 A<8AJ; B5>@8OB0, G5 A;02O=8B5 18;8 C=8I>68;8 B@0:>8;8@89F8B5? !;54 B>20 A5 @07?@02O, G5 B578 E@01@8 8 65AB>:8 A;02O=8, :>8B> BJ:<> 18;8 87B@518;8 2A8G:8 B@0:>8;8@89F8, I>< 2845;8 54=0 3>;0, 1>A0 8 4820 BN@:>-1J;30@A:0 >@48F0, 157@>?>B=> =025;8 3;028 8 ?>65;0;8 40 1J40B C?@02;O20=8 >B =5O. >65 ;8 G>25: 40 ?@85<5 B578 ?0@04>:A8? 85 =5 <>65< 40 38 ?@85<5<, 70I>B> A0 ?@>B82 D0:B8B5. !;02O=8B5 18;8 705;8 =09-=0?@54 4=5H=0 C<J=8O, >10G5 =85 28640<5, G5 @C<J=F8B5 =5 A0 C=8I>65=8, 70I>B> 8 4=5A A8 6825OB, :J45B> A0 6825;8 ?@548 <=8<>B> =0E;C20=5 =0 A;02O=8B5. 0?@>B82, @C<J=8B5 A0 4=5A <=>3> ?>-<=>3>1@>9=8, >B:>;:>B> 18 B@O120;> 40 1J40B, 70I>B> A0 C=8I>68;8 <=>3> A;02O=8, :0B> A0 38 ?>@C<J=G8;8. !JI>B> 5 8 A 3J@F8B5. 5 A;02O=8 C=8I>68E0 3J@F8, 0 3J@F8B5  A;02O=8, :0B> 38 ?>3J@G8E0. 85 =0<8@0<5 A;02O=A:8 35>-E84@>3@0D8G5A:8 8<5=0 2J2 ;0H:> 8 2 J@F8O, 0 =5 =0<8@0<5 2;0H:8 8 3@JF:8 2 J;30@8O. B B>20 A5 28640 :>9-:>3> 5 C=8I>68; 8 C=8I>6020;. 0: B0:0 A;02O=8B5 C=8I>68;8 B@0:>8;8@89F8B5, =09-E@01@8OB =0@>4 =0 AB0@0B0 8AB>@8O, 0 3@JF:8B5 A5;8I0 ?> 1@530 =0 '5@=>, 359A:> 8 @0<>@=> <>@5 =5 <>3;8 40 C=8I>60B? "5 C=8I>68;8 8;8@89F8B5 4> 4@80B8G5A:> <>@5, 0 0;10=F8B5 =5 <>3;8 40 C=8I>60B? %8?>B570B0, G5 A;02O=8B5 18;8 C=8I>68;8 AB0@8B5 68B5;8 =0 0;:0=A:8O ?>;C>AB@>2, =5 <>65 40 A5 >?@02405. "078 E8?>B570 A5 ?>AB028 54=> 2@5<5, :>30B> 02B>@8B5 9 =5 @07?>;030E0 A 4>AB0BJG=8 A2545=8O 8 7=0=8O ?> B578 2J?@>A8. >=565 BC: AB0=0 4C<0, G5 4=5H=8B5 <0:54>=F8 18;8 A;02O=8, =5:0 >1J@=5< 2=8<0=85 =0 A;54=8O =5>?@>25@68< D0:B: 8<5B> A;02O=8 5 A?><5=0B> =09-=0?@54 >B 682O;8B5 2 6 25: E@>=8AB8 @>:>?89 8 >@40=.  420<0B0 AG8B0B A;02O=8B5 A0 A:8BA:8 =0@>4, :>9B> >B ?@02@5<5 68255; 2 0:8O, =0 A525@ >B C=02, 8;8 2 4=5H=0 C<J=8O. >@40= ?8H5, G5 >B 4>;=>B> B5G5=85 =0 @. @020 4> @. =5ABJ@ 6825OB A:;025=8B5, 0 >B =5ABJ@ 4> =5?J@  0=B8B5, AJI> A;02O=A:> 8;8 A:8BA:> ?;5<5. !JI>B> A5 @0718@0 8 >B @>:>?89. .6=> >B B578 A:;025=8 8;8 0=B8, ?> 1@530 =0 '5@=> <>@5, A?>@54 >@40= 6825;8 1J;30@8B5. (Supra mare Ponticum Bulgarum sedes distendunt. Getica V, 37).  70 40 ?>OA=8 ?>-4>1@5 :J45 A0 6825;8 1J;30@8B5, >@40= :070; =0 025=A:8O :>7<>3@0D, G5 2 >;=0 878O, "@0:8O 8;8 0:54>=8O A0<> 1J;30@8 6825OB. (Inter vero Thraciam vel Macedoniam et Mysiam inferiorem modo Bulgari habitant& ut testatur mihi multotiens dictus Iordanis cosmographus.  Ravennat. Cosmogr, IV, 6). >30B> A:;025=8B5 8 0=B8B5 A0 >18B020;8 4=5H=> 0460@A:> 8 ;0H:>, 1J;30@8B5 A0 >18B020;8 878O, "@0:8O 8 0:54>=8O. 0:54>=8O, 7=0G8, 5 18;0 =0A5;5=0 >B 1J;30@8, >I5 :>30B> A;02O=8B5 A0 68255;8 A525@=> >B C=02 8;8 ?@548 40 <8=0B C=02. B> 70I> <0:54>=F8B5 A5 :0720B 1J;30@8, 0 =5 A;02O=8. !JI>B> 5 :070; 8 @>:>?89. ">9 =0@8G0 >@40=>28B5 1J;30@8 EC=8 8 ?8H5, G5 CB83C@8B5 A0 68255;8 =0 N3 >B 0=B8B5, B.5. =0 N3 >B C=02. "J9 G5 0:> 5 8<0;> =O:0:2> A;02O=A:> =0E;C20=5 2 878O, "@0:8O 8 0:54>=8O, A;02O=8B5 A0 4>H;8 ?@8 1J;30@8. 0I>B> 1J;30@8B5 =0A5;O20E0 B578 75<8 ?@548 A;02O=8B5.  ?>=565 8 4=5H=8B5 68B5;8 =0 "@0:8O 8 0:54>=8O A5 :0720B 1J;30@8, 87;870, G5 A;02O=8B5 =5 A0 C=8I>68;8 7020@5=>B> B@0:89A:> 8 8;8@89A:> =0A5;5=85. 0@8G0B ;8 A5 4=5A <0:54>=F8B5 1J;30@8, B5 A0 AB0@>B> =0A5;5=85 =0 0:54>=8O. "J9 G5 :0:B> 4=5H=8B5 5;8=8, 2;0A8 8 0;10=F8 A0 ?>B><F8 =0 AB0@8B5 5;8=8, 2;0A8 8 0;10=F8, B0:0 8 4=5H=8B5 <0:54>=F8 A0 ?>B><F8 =0 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8. 07;8:0 BC: =5 <>65 40 A5 ?@028, 0 A5 ?@028. 0I>? 0I>B> >=578, :>8B> ?>AB028E0 B570B0, G5 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8 A0 3J@F8, A8 <8A;5E0, G5 4=5H=8B5 1J;30@8 A0 :JA=8 ?@8HJ;F8 =0 0;:0=A:8O ?>;C>AB@>2. "5 4065 =5 1OE0 G5;8 ?@8 AJAB02O=5B> =0 B078 B570 @>:>?89 8 >@40=, =09-206=8B5 E@>=8AB8 2 A;CG0O, 70B>20 @07?@02OB 87<8A;8F0B0, G5 :>30B> A;02O=8B5 6825;8 ?@>:@09 C=02, B>3020 1J;30@8B5 18;8 6825;8 ?> #@0;A:8B5 8 %8<0;09A:8B5 ?;0=8=8. "0O 701;C40 5 B@>28;0 8 ?@>4J;6020 40 B@>28 =5 A0<> 1J;30@A:8O =0@>4, => 8 A;02O=AB2>B>, ?J: 8 2@>?0. 85 :070E<5 4>BC: =O:>;:> 4C<8, :0B> B@J3=0E<5 >B A525@ :J< N3.  A530 =5:0 @073;540<5 B>78 2J?@>A, :0B> B@J3=5< >B N3 :J< A525@. !B0@8B5 <0:54>=F8 =5 A0 18;8 3J@F8, 70I>B> AB0@8B5 3J@F8 =5 A0 38 AG8B0;8 70 B0:820.  B>20 5 =09-206=>B>. 0 =0@>4=>ABB0 =0 <0:54>=F8B5 5 AB0=0;> 4C<0 >I5 2 5 25: ?@. %@8AB0. %5@>4>B ?8H5, G5 <0:54>=A:8OB :=O7 ;5:A0=4J@ I A5 AG8B0; 70 5;8=. >1@5, => 3J@F8B5 =5 A0 3> AG8B0;8 70 B0:J2. >30B> ;5:A0=4J@ ?>8A:0; 40 275<5 CG0AB85 2 ;8<?89A:8B5 83@8, B5 <C >B:070;8, 70I>B> B578 83@8 18;8 A0<> 70 5;8=8, 0 =5 8 70 20@20@8, :0:J2B> 18; ;5:A0=4J@. ">20 3> =0:0@0;> 40 4>:065, G5 5 5;8=, 8 4>:070;, G5 5 5;8=, 70I>B> 5 >B 0@389A:8 ?@>87E>4. > 8 A B>20 B>9 =5 4>:070, G5 5 ?@8=04;560; =0 5;8=A:0B0 @0A0, 70I>B> 0@389F8B5 =5 A0 18;8 5;8=8, 0 A0<> A?5G5;5=8 70 5;8=A:0B0 :C;BC@0. I5 7>:@0B (Paneg. 50), :>9B> 5 682O; 2 5 25: ?@548 %@8AB0, ?8H5, G5 A 8<5B> 5;8=8 =5 A5 5 >7=0G020; @>4JB 8;8 @>4>28OB ?@>87E>4, 0 4CEJB, C15645=85B> 8 2J7?8B0=85B>. >@048 B>20 :0B> 5;8=8 A0 18;8 >7=0G5=8 8 E>@0, :>8B> @0A>2> =5 A0 A?040;8 :J< 5;8=8B5, => A0 4J@60;8 70 BOE. 070=> 4@C3>OG5, 18;8 A0 3J@:><0=8. "C: >10G5 AB020 4C<0 70 @0A>2 ?@>87E>4. !B0@8B5 3J@F8 =5 AG8B0;8 ;5:A0=4J@ 70 3@J: >B @0A>2> 3;548I5, => :0B> 2845;8, G5 B>9 87@07O20 3@JF:8 C15645=8O, ?@85;8 3> 2 83@8B5. J?@5:8 B>20 4>?CA:0=5 =0 ;5:A0=4J@ I 2 ;8<?89A:8B5 83@8, AB0@8B5 3J@F8 A0 ?@>4J;6020;8 40 AG8B0B <0:54>=F8B5 8 B5E=8B5 :=O75 70 20@20@8. 5<>AB5= =0?@. 5 AG8B0; <0:54>=F8B5 70 20@20@8 8;8 =53J@F8. >=565 =O:>8 2J7@07O20B, G5 B>9 5 ?@028; B>20 ?> ?>;8B8G5A:8 ?@8G8=8, =5:0 >1J@=5< 2=8<0=85 =0 A0<8B5 =53>28 87@078.  A2>OB0 ;8=BA:0 @5G (III, 16) B>9 A5 ?@>28:20:  5 5 ;8 $8;8? =5?@8OB5;... =5 5 ;8 20@20@8=? 5<>AB5= =5 18 ?8B0; B0:0 A2>8B5 A;CH0B5;8, 0:> =5 5 >G0:20; ?>;>68B5;5= >B3>2>@, G5 $8;8? 5 20@20@8=. >-=0B0BJ: 2 AJI0B0 @5G 5<>AB5= :0720, G5 2J2 2@5<5 =0 @8AB84, 8:89 8 5@8:J; <0:54>=A:8B5 F0@5 A0 A5 ?>4G8=O20;8 =0 5;8=8B5, :0:B> ?>4>1020 =0 20@20@8 A?@O<> 5;8=8. (Olyth III, 24). !;54 B>20 5<>AB5= ?@54AB02O $8;8? =5 A0<> :0B> =5?@8OB5; =0 B8=0, => 8 :0B> =5?@8OB5; =0 5;8=87<0. 0B> C:>@O20 A2>8B5 AJ>B5G5AB25=8F8, G5 =8I> =5 ?@02OB, 0 A0<> ?8B0B 70 =>28=8, B>9 254=J6 :0720:  <0 ;8 =5I> ?>-=>2> >B B>20, G5 548= <0:54>=5F ?>@07O20 0B8=O=8B5 8 A5 @07?>@5640 A >=>20, :>5B> ?@8=04;568 =0 5;8=8B5? ($. I. IV, 10)  2 4@C30 54=0 @5G B>9 :0720, G5 $8;8? =0@CH020; <8@0 A 0B8=O=8B5 8 703>2>@=8G8; ?@>B82 2A:8G:8 5;8=8. ($.. 1)  2 B@5B0B0 A8 @5G ?@>B82 $8;8? B>9 :0720:  $8;8? 2J@68 =5?@0240 =5 A0<> A =0A 0B8=O=8B5, => 8 =0 2A8G:8 4@C38 5;8=8. B :070=>B> A5 28640, G5 <0:54>=F8B5 =5 A0 AG8B0=8 70 5;8=A:> ?;5<5. 09-4>1@5 5<>AB5= 5 87BJ:=0; B>20 AJA A;54=8B5 4C<8:   B>20 7=05B5 285, 0B8=O=8, G5 2A8G:> >=>20, :>5B> 5;8=8B5 A0 ?@5BJ@?5;8 >B ;0:545<>=F8B5 8;8 >B =0A (0B8=O=8B5), B>20, 2?@>G5<, 8< AB0=0 >B 8AB8=A:8 A8=>25 =0 ;040. . . "0:J2 =5 5 A;CG0OB A $8;8?. $8;8?, :>9B> =5 A0<>, G5 =5 5 3@J: 8 =O<0 =8I> >1I> A 3J@F8B5, => =5 5 ?>=5 548= 20@20@8= 87 ?>G5B=0 75<O, 0 5 =54>AB>5= <0:54>=5F, >B:J45B> =O:>30 4065 3>45= @>1 (A;C30) G>25: =5 <>65H5 40 A8 :C?8. ($. III, 7). B 2A8G:> B>20 A5 28640, G5 <0:54>=F8B5 =5 A0 18;8 G;5=>25 =0 5;8=A:0B0 @0A0. > 8 A0<8B5 <0:54>=F8 =5 A0 A5 AG8B0;8 70 G;5=>25 =0 3@JF:0B0 @0A0. ;CB0@E =8 @07?@02O, G5 ;5:A0=4J@ 5;8:8 ?> 2@5<5 =0 ?>E>40 A8 2 78O, 70 40 4>:065 A2>OB0 256;82>AB :J< 0B8=O=8B5, 8< 87?@0B8; ?;OG:0 >B 78O AJA A;54=8O =04?8A:  ;5:A0=4J@, $8;8?>28O A8=, 8 5;8=8B5 (;CB. ;5:A. 10, 6). ">9 ?@028 @07;8:0 <564C A515 A8 8 5;8=8B5. /A=> 5, G5 ;5:A0=4J@ 5 AG8B0; 5;8=8B5 70 4@C3 =0@>4. ">20 A5 28640 8 >B D0:B0, G5 B>9 5 :>=B0:BC20; A 20@20@8B5 ?>A@54AB2>< %5D5AB, 0 A 5;8=8B5 ?>A@54AB2>< @0B5@. !G8B0; 5, 7=0G8, 5;8=8B5 70 4@C3 =0@>4. !;54 B>20 ;CB0@E ?8H5, G5 ?> 2@5<5 =0 :0@0=8OB0 A8 A ;8B ;5:A0=4J@ 8728:0; B5;>E@0=8B5;8B5 A8 =0 <0:54>=A:8. (;5:A. 51).  :0B> >?8A20 A@5I0B0 =0 2<5= A <0:54>=A:8B5 2>9=8F8, ;CB0@E (2<5= 14) ?8H5, G5 2>9=8F8B5 3> 18;8 ?>74@02;O20;8 =0 <0:54>=A:8 578:. 0:54>=A:8OB =5 18;, 7=0G8, 3@JF:8 578:. C@F8CA ?J: =8 @07?@02O A;54=0B0 AF5=0 >B AJ45=5B> =0 $8;>B0, 548= >B ?@81;865=8B5 =0 ;5:A0=4J@:  &0@OB (;5:A0=4J@) >B?@028 ?>3;540 A8 :J< $8;>B0 8 :070:  0:54>=F8B5 A0 @5H8;8 40 B5 AJ4OB. 8B0< B5, I5 8A:0H ;8 40 3>2>@8H A BOE =0 @>45= 578:? $8;>B0 >B3>2>@8:  A25= <0:54>=F8B5, BC: 8<0 B2J@45 <=>3> A2845B5;8, :>8B>, AB@C20 <8 A5, ?>-;5A=> I5 @0715@0B <>8B5 4C<8, 0:> A8 ?>A;C60 AJA AJI8O 578:, =0 :>9B> B8 B>:C-I> 3>2>@8, :>5B> B8, <8A;O, =0?@028 70@048 B>20, G5 40 <>65 @5GB0 B8 40 A5 @0715@5 >B ?>25G5 E>@0. !;54 B>20 F0@OB :070:  8640B5 ;8, $8;>B0 <@078 4065 10I8=8O A8 578:, 70I>B> B>9 A0<8OB >B:0720 40 A5 87@07O20 =0 =53>. > B>9 <>65 40 3>2>@8 :0:B> I5, 285 >10G5, 40 7=05B5, G5 B>9 A5 5 >B40;5G8; :0:B> >B =0H8B5 >18G08, B0:0 8 >B =0H8O 578:. (C@F8CA CDCA 6, 36) B F8B8@0=>B> OA=> A5 28640, G5 <0:54>=F8B5 =5 A0 A5 AG8B0;8 70 3J@F8. 0 40 A5 @0718@0 A 2J=H=8O A2OB, BOE=0B0 8=B5;835=F8O 5 7=05;0 8 3@JF:8, 70I>B> 3@JF:8OB 578: 5 18; =09-@07?@>AB@0=5=8OB 578: B>3020. @JF:0 >10G5, BO (8=B5;835=F8OB0) =5 5 18;0. >=565 =8B> 3J@F8B5 A0 AG8B0;8 <0:54>=F8B5 70 3J@F8, =8B> A0<8B5 <0:54>=F8 A0 A5 AG8B0;8 70 3J@F8, :0:28 A0 18;8 B>3020 <0:54>=F8B5? 0:B> 4=5A 8<0 3J@F8 B0<, :J45B> 2 AB0@> 2@5<5 5 8<0;> ?0: 3J@F8, 8 :0:B> 4=5H=8B5 3J@F8 A5 A<OB0B 70 ?>B><F8 =0 AB0@8B5 3J@F8, B0:0 18 B@O120;> 40 :065<, G5 8 4=5H=8B5 1J;30@A:8 <0:54>=F8 A0 ?>B><F8 =0 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8, 8;8 G5 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8 A0 18;8 1J;30@8. >1@5, => 2 4CH0B0 =0 <>45@=8B5 CG5=8 B>;:>20 <=>3> 5 2BJ;?5=> C15645=85B>, G5 1J;30@8B5 (18;8 B5 A;02O=8 8;8 BC@F8) A0 :JA=8 ?@8HJ;F8 =0 0;:0=A:8O ?>;C>AB@>2, G5 B5 ?> =8:0:J2 =0G8= =5 <>30B 40 A8 ?@54AB02OB, G5 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8 <>65 40 1J40B 1J;30@8. !B0@8B5 3J@F8 A0 AG8B0;8 <0:54>=F8B5 70 20@20@8, => B>20 =5 B@O120;> 40 A5 278<0 ?>4 2=8<0=85, 70I>B> AB0@8B5 3J@F8 3> ?@025;8 ?> ?>;8B8G5A:8 AJ>1@065=8O. 0:54>=A:8OB 578: =5 5 18; 3@JF:8 578:, => 8 B>20 =8I> =5 4>:0720;>, 70I>B> B>9 18; =O:0:J2 A8 3@JF:8 480;5:B. =0G8 8 B578 4>:070B5;AB20 =5 AB830B 40 A5 ?@85<5, G5 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8 =5 A0 18;8 3J@F8. )5 ?>A>G8< 8 4@C38, >B :>8B> 25G5 =O<0 40 >BABJ?20<5. !B0@8B5 <0:54>=F8 =5 A0 18;8 3J@F8, 70I>B> A0 =0A5;O20;8 75<O, :>OB> =5 5 18;0 =0A5;O20=0 >B 3J@F8. @548 8420=5B> =0 3J@F8B5 4=5H=0 J@F8O 5 18;0 ?>A5;5=0 A ?5;0738  548= 20@20@A:8, B>5AB =53@JF:8 =0@>4. 0 578:0 =0 ?5;0738B5 %5@>4>B ?8H5:  0:J2 578: A0 3>2>@8;8 ?5;0738B5, =5 <>30 40 :060 AJA A83C@=>AB. . . :> A5 AJ48 >10G5 ?> >AB0=0;8B5 6828 ?5;0738. . . B@O120 40 :065<, G5 B5 A0 3>2>@8;8 548= 20@20@A:8 578:. )>< B>20 5 B0:0, 68B5;8B5 =0 B8:0, :>OB> 5 ?5;073A:0 75<O, A ?@5<8=020=5B> 8< :J< 5;8=8B5, A0 2J7?@85;8 4@C3 (5;8=A:8) 578:. (%5@>4>B I, 57-58) ">20 5 :070=> 450 3>48=8 ?@548 . %@. J@F8B5, 7=0G8, 18;8 4>H;8 54=> 2@5<5 =0 ?>;C>AB@>20 ?@8 ?5;0738, :>8B> B5 8;8 87?J48;8, 8;8 ?>3J@G8;8.  !B@01>= ?8H5 70 ?5;0738B5:  )> A5 >B=0AO 4> ?5;0738B5, 2A8G:> A2845B5;AB20, G5 B5 A0 548= AB0@ =0@>4, :>9B> 5 18; @07?@>AB@0=5= 2 FO;0 ;040, >A>15=> <564C 5B>;F8B5 2 "5A0;8O. !JI> 8 <8@ >?@545;O B5A0;89A:8B5 68B5;8 2 >1;0ABB0 0B@8A0, =0 N3 >B @. 5=5>A, :0B> ?5;0738. (. II. 840 8 4@.) "@>3 ><?59 (Justin. VII, 1, 3) ?J: ?8H5, G5 <0:54>=F8B5 A0 >B ?5;073A:8 ?@>87E>4. B> 70I> <0:54>=F8B5 =5 A0 AG8B0=8 70 3J@F8. "5 =5 A0 AG8B0=8 70 3J@F8, 70I>B> A0 >B ?5;073A:8 ?@>87E>4. >-=0B0BJ: !B@01>= ?8H5, G5 "5A0;8O <564C CAB85B> =0 @. 5=5>A, "5@<>?8;8B5 8 ?;0=8=0 8=4, A5 5 :0720;0 5;073A:8 @3>A, 70I>B> ?5;0738 18;8 =0A5;O20;8 B078 75<O. (AB@. 221, 4) B B578 ?5;0738  0@389F8  5 ?@>87;O7J; <0:54>=A:8O F0@ ;5:A0=4J@ ?J@28, 70B>20 3J@F8B5 A0 3> AG8B0;8 70 =53@J:, 8;8 20@20@8=. 0 4@C3> <OAB> (V, 2, 4) !B@01>= ?8H5, G5 8 5?8@>BA:8B5 ?;5<5=0 A?>@54 <=>3> 02B>@8 18;8 >B ?5;073A:8 ?@>87E>4. >;8289 ?>B2J@64020 !B@01>= 8 ?8H5, G5 ?>25G5B> 5B>;F8 =5 A0 3J@F8. ( ' "!", 8 !" !!!!) >=565 <0:54>=F8B5, 5B>;F8B5 8 0:0@=0=F8B5 A0 >B ?5;073A:8 ?@>87E>4, "8B 828 ?8H5, G5 B5 A0 3>2>@5;8 548= 8 AJI 578: (Aetolos, Acarnanas, Macedonas eiusdem linguae hominess. XXX, 29). 0B> ?5;073A:8 =0@>4, <0:54>=F8B5 A0 3>2>@8;8 AJI8O 578:, :0:B> 8 ?5;073A:8B5 5B>;F8 8 0:0@=0=F8. B> 70I> 3J@F8B5 =5 A0 @0718@0;8 <0:54>=A:8O 578:. 5 A0 3> @0718@0;8, 70I>B> B>9 =5 5 18; =8B> 3@JF:8, =8B> 3@JF:8 480;5:B. <5B> ?5;0738 5 C?>B@51O20=> 2 =09-AB0@> 2@5<5, 0 2 8AB>@8G5A:> 2@5<5 B>20 8<5 A5 70<5AB20 >B 8<5=0B0 B@0:8 8 <878.  =09-AB0@> 2@5<5 :0B> 878O 5 >7=0G020=0 54=0 <0;:0 >1;0AB =0 0780BA:8O 1@O3 =0 0@40=5;8B5 8 359A:> <>@5, >10G5 >I5 %5@>4>B (1000 3. ?@. %@.) =0@8G0 8 B@0:89F8B5 <878. %5@>4>B (VII, 20) ?8H5, G5 <878B5 8 B52:@8B5 <8=0;8 ?@548 "@>O=A:0B0 2>9=0 ?@57 >AD>@0 >B 78O 2 2@>?0, ?>:>@8;8 B@0:8B5 8 A5 @07?@>AB@0=8;8 G0: 4> >=8G5A:> <>@5 8 @. 5=5>A. "C:848B ?J:, :>9B> 5 <0;:> ?>-<;04 >B %5@>4>B, ?8H5 (II, 97), G5 >4@8A:8OB :=O7 !8B0;: 18; <=>3> 1>30B, 70I>B> AJ18@0; 40=JF8 >B 75<OB0 <564C '5@=> <>@5 8 >=8G5A:8O 70;82. , :0:B> A?><5=0E<5, <564C '5@=> <>@5 8 >=8G5A:8O 70;82 5 682O; =0@>4, :>9B> 2 AB0@> 2@5<5 5 =0@8G0= ?5;0738, 0 ?>-:JA=> <878 8;8 B@0:8. >=565 2 B078 >1;0AB A?040B 8 0:54>=8O, "5A0;8O, B>;8O 8 :0@=0=8O, G88B> 68B5;8 A5 AG8B0E0 4>A530 70 ?5;0738, B578 68B5;8 A530 A5 =0@5:>E0 <878 8;8 B@0:8. 0:54>=F8B5, B5A0;89F8B5, 5B>;F8B5 8 0:0@=0=F8B5 A0 A?040;8 :J< B@0:89A:0B0 @0A0. !B@01>=, :0B> >?8A20 85@8O, :>OB> 5 ;560;0 N6=> >B 0:54>=8O 8 N3>-87B>G=> >B 4>;=>B> B5G5=85 =0 @. 8AB@8F0, ?8H5:  85@8O, ;8=B, 8<?;0 8 815@B0 A0 AB0@8 B@0:89A:8 <5AB=>AB8 8 ?;0=8=8, :>8B> ?@8=04;560B A530 =0 <0:54>=F8B5. (p. 471, 17) !B@01>= ?8H5, G5 A5;8I0B0 =0 B578 B@0:89A:8 ?85@F8 A5 ?@>AB8@0B G0: 4> @. 5=5>A. "J9 G5 8 A?>@54 !B@01>= B@0:89F8B5 A0 A5 ?@>AB8@0;8 4> @. 5=5>A.  ?>=565 <0:54>=F8B5 68255E0 =5 A0<> =0 A525@ >B @. 5=5>A, => 8 =0 A525@ >B @. 8AB@8F0, B5 A0 A?040;8 :J< B@0:89A:0B0 @0A0. ">78 D0:B <=>3>:@0B=> 5 87BJ:20= 8 >B A@54=>25:>2=8B5 ?8A0B5;8, :>8B> G5AB> ?8H0B  "@0:8O 8;8 0:54>=8O . 07;8:0B0 <564C 3J@F8 8 <0:54>=F8 5 87BJ:=0B0 8 2 45O=8OB0 =0 0?>AB>;8B5, 2 :>8B> A5 :0720, G5 :>30B> 0?>AB>; 025;, 7054=> A CG5=8:0 A8 "8<>B59, A5 =0<8@0;8 2 "@>O, =0 0780BA:8O 1@O3 =0 0@40=5;8B5, B>9 8<0; 2845=85: 548= <0:54>=5F AB>O; ?@54 =53> 8 3> ?><>;8; 40 4>945 2 0:54>=8O. ">9 4>HJ; 2J2 $8;8?8 (:>9B> <0:0@ 35>3@0DA:8 40 5 B@0:89A:8 3@04, B>3020 A5 5 AG8B0; 70 <0:54>=A:8 3@04), 0 A;54 B>20 70<8=0; 70 B8=0 8;8 70 J@F8O. 7;870, G5 0?>AB>;8B5 A0 ?@028;8 @07;8:0 <564C <0:54>=F8 8 3J@F8.  70 >B=>H5=8OB0 <564C B@0:89F8 8 <878 !B@01>= ?8H5:  "5A=8=0B0 <564C %0;:54>= 8 870=B8O, :>OB> A530 A5 :0720 "@0:89A:8 1>AD>@, 54=> 2@5<5 A5 :0720;0 8789A:8 1>AD>@. ">20 <>65 40 A5 275<5 :0B> A2845B5;AB2>, G5 <878B5 A0 B@0:89F8. (p. 568, 8)  =0 4@C3> <OAB> (p. 6, 10) !B@01>= ?8H5:  <8@ 5 7=05; 8 AB5@0 (C=02), 70I>B> B>9 A?><5=020 8 <878B5, :>8B> 6825OB ?>:@09 C=02. ">9 7=05; >I5, G5 "@0:8O A5 5 ?@>AB8@0;0 4> @. 5=5>A. =0G8 >I5 2 <8@>2> 2@5<5 68B5;8B5 <564C '5@=> <>@5, @. 5=5>A 8 >=8G5A:> <>@5, A0 18;8 AG8B0=8 70 B@0:8 8;8 <878, 0 =5 70 5;8=8. 564C 4@C3>B> 4=5H=8OB >AD>@ A5 5 =0<8@0; =0 <8789A:0 8;8 B@0:89A:0, 0 =5 =0 3@JF:0 75<O. !B@01>= :0720, G5 >I5 <8@ 5 7=05;, G5 <878B5 8;8 B@0:8B5 A0 =0A5;O20;8 75<OB0 <564C C=02 8 @. 5=5>A. !530 =5:0 4>1028<, G5 B578 <878 8;8 B@0:8 A0 18;8 3;02=8B5 ?@>B82=8F8 =0 3J@F8B5 2 "@>O=A:0B0 2>9=0. >@40= ?8H5, G5 "5;5D, A5AB@8=8OB A8= =0 B@>O=A:8O F0@ @80<, :>9B> 5 18; <8789A:8 :=O7 8 G8OB> 4J@6020 A5 5 ?@>AB8@0;0 >B CAB85B> =0 C=02 4> AB@8O, 5 ?04=0; C18B 2 B078 2>9=0, :>OB> 5 AB0=0;0 =09-25@>OB=> 2 "5A0;8O.  B078 2>9=0 :0B> 5=5;0528 8;8 3@JF:8 AJN7=8F8, A5 A?><5=020B E>@0 >B >@DC, >B @8B, >B ;870, >B B>;8O, >B >4>A, <8@<84>=8B5 8 ?@.  :0B> @80<>28 8;8 B@>O=A:8 AJN7=8F8 A5 A?><5=020B: ?5;0738B5, :>8B> A0 6825;8 2 "5A0;8O, >:>;> 0@8A0, B@0:8B5, :>8B> A0 6825;8 >:>;> %5;5A?>=B0 8;8 0@40=5;8B5, E5;87>=8B5 8 0<07>=8B5, :>8B> A0 18;8 2 "@0:8O. !;54 B>20: 40@40=F8B5, D@8389F8B5 (1J@70F8B5), <878B5, 5=5B8B5 8 4@. (J I, II, 840 8 ?@., 8 III, 189) A8G:8 B578 ?;5<5=0 A?>@54 <8@ =5 A0 18;8 5;8=8, 70I>B> B>9 ?8H5:  =>3> A0 70I8B=8F8B5 =0 3>;5<8O 3@04 =0 @80<0.  @C38 578: =0 4@C38 4>H;8 >B @07=8 <5AB0 E>@0. (J1, II, 803) "@>O=A:8B5 =0@>48 A0 3>2>@5;8 4@C3 578:, 7=0G8 =5 A0 18;8 3J@F8. > 2@5<5 =0 "@>O=A:0B0 2>9=0 5 AB0=0;> A1;JA:20=5 <564C 425 @07;8G=8 @0A8, <564C 5;8=8 8 <878 8;8 1J;30@8. :> 8 >1;0ABB0 0@8A0, :>OB> A5 =0<8@0 =0 N3 >B @. 5=5>A, 5 >B15;O70=0 :0B> =0A5;5=0 A ?5;0738 8 5;8=A:8 =5?@8OB5;8 ?> 2@5<5 =0 "@>O=A:0B0 2>9=0, B>3020 =5 >AB020 =8:0:2> AJ<=5=85, G5 =5 A0<> 0:54>=8O, => 8 FO;0 "5A0;8O ?> >=>20 2@5<5 =5 5 18;0 5;8=A:0. B :070=>B> 4>BC: A5 28640, G5 :0B> 70?>G=5< >B 70?04=0B0 G0AB =0 >@8=BA:8O ?@>2;0: =0 A525@ G0: 4> '5@=> <>@5, 68B5;8B5 =0 B578 <5AB=>AB8 A0 A?040;8 :J< B@0:89A:0B0 @0A0 8 A;54>20B5;=> =5 A0 18;8 3J@F8. 0:28 A0 18;8? J45 A0 B5 A530? B 87;>65=>B> 4>BC: A5 28640, G5 B5 A0 18;8 <878, 0 <878B5 A5 =0@5:>E0 >I5 2 G5B2J@B8 25: 1J;30@8. 8<;O=8B5 ?>:>@8E0 <878 =0 0;:0=A:8O ?>;C>AB@>2, 0 <878B5 A5 1OE0 @0745;8;8 =0 @07=8 ?;5<5=0. >30B> A5 ?8B0, :J45 A0 B578 <878 A530, A5 >B3>20@O, G5 B5 18;8 C=8I>65=8 >B A;02O=8B5, :>8B> 2 H5AB8 25: 18;8 705;8 ?>;C>AB@>20. ">78 >B3>2>@ =O<0 =8:0:20 AB>9=>AB, 70I>B> A;02O=8B5 18;8 705;8 75<OB0 =0 <878B5 2 H5AB8 25:, 0 <878B5 A0 =0@5G5=8 1J;30@8 >I5 2 G5B2J@B8 25:, 8;8 ?@548 A;02O=8B5 40 4>940B ?@8 BOE. !;02O=8B5, 7=0G8, A0 4>H;8 =0 N3 >B C=02, :>30B> <878B5 A0 A5 :0720;8 1J;30@8. "5, 7=0G8, A0 4>H;8 ?@8 1J;30@8, 0 =5 >1@0B=>, 0:> 87>1I> <>65< 40 :065<, G5 5 8<0;> 8420=5. 0@048 B>20 2 54=0 ?8A0=0 ?@57 354 3. E@>=8:0, 2 :>OB> A5 871@>O20B 68255I8B5 2 "@0:8O ?;5<5=0, A5 :0720, G5 1J;30@8B5 A0 ?@>87;57;8 >B B@0:85F0 &85F8 (Ziezi ex quo Vulgares).  3;020B0 70  >BA:8B5 83@8 , AJAB025=0 >B A0<8O >=AB0=B8= 5;8:8 8;8 ?> =53>20 ?>@JG:0, :0B> A5 ?>A>G20B :>;54=8B5 ?@85<8 8 ?@07=5=AB20 =0 2870=B89A:8O 42>@, A5 A?><5=020B 8 @072;5G5=8OB0 A;54 ?8@H5AB2>B>.  8<5==>  <C78:0, ?5A=8, B50B@0;=8 ?@54AB02;5=8O 8 ;0B8=A:8 A;02>A;>28O. 0 H5AB8O 45= =0 ?@07=8F8B5 A5 CAB@>920 70:CA:0, =0 :>OB> A5 ?>:0=20B A8=8B5, 75;5=8B5, 1J;30@8B5 8 @07=8 GC645=F8: D0@30=8, E070@8, 030@O=8 8 D@0=:8. A8G:8 A5 O2O20B 2 =0F8>=0;=> >1;5:;>, =0@>4=8 3>@=8 4@5E8 :>2048. (3;. CA:. 4@52=.; 3@ ">;AB>9 8 >=40:>2, 2. IV, AB@. 139) >@=>B> 5 8=B5@5A=> 70 <0=B0;8B5B0 =0 AJ2@5<5==8B5 CG5=8. >=40:>2 AJ>1I020, G5 1J;30@8B5 A0 :0=5=8 =0 70:CA:0 >B >=AB0=B8= 5;8:8 (306-337 3. A;. . %@.) :0B> <5AB=8 E>@0, 0 =5 :0B> GC645=F8, 70I>B> :0720 8  @07=8 GC645=F8 , :>8B> =08<5=C20, 0 AJI52@5<5==> B2J@48 C?>@8B>, G5 1J;30@8B5 18;8 <>=3>;F8, :>8B> 5420 2 :@0O =0 7 2. 18;8 4>H;8 =0 0;:0=A:8O ?>;C>AB@>2. !2. 5@>=8<, :>9B> AJI> 5 682O; 2 4 25:, ?8H5 2 A2>OB0 :0@0B0:  Mesia hec et Vulgaria (878O B.5. J;30@8O) 04?8AJB 5 ?>AB025= 2J@EC 0:54>=8O. :> A2. 5@>=8< 15 A?><5=0; A0<> 70 =O:0:28 1J;30@8 2 878O, 18 <>3;> 40 A5 ?><8A;8, G5 1J;30@8B5 A0 4>H;8 >B=O:J45 A8 2 878O. > ?>=565 B>9 =0@8G0 A0<0B0 878O J;30@8O, 87;870, G5 70 =53> J;30@8O 8 878O 5 54=> 8 AJI>.  B8F8=A:8OB 5?8A:>? =>489, 682O; ?@57 2B>@0B0 ?>;>28=0 =0 5 25: 8 =0G0;>B> =0 6 25:, ?8H5, G5 2 504 3. J@F8O 70?>G=0;0 2>9=0 AJA A2>8B5 1J;30@8, 70I>B> 8A:0;0 40 38 ?>42545 ?>4 >?5:C=AB2>. J;30@8B5, 7=0G8, A0 6825;8 B>3020 2J2 870=B89A:0B0 8<?5@8O. <8@ =0@8G0 <878B5 :>=L>4>OG8, :>8B> A5 E@0=5;8 A :>=A:> <;O:>.  :0B> >?8A20 872J=@54=0B0 E@01@>AB =0 1J;30@8B5 =>489 ?8H5, G5 I> A5 >B=0AO 4> E@0=5=5B>, 70 BOE 5 18;> 4>AB0BJG=> ?85=5B> =0 :>=A:> <;O:>. ! B>20 =>489 845=B8D8F8@0 1J;30@8B5 A <878B5, 70I>B> <878B5 1OE0 ?>40=8F8 =0 7B>G=0B0 @8<A:0 8<?5@8O 8 A5 E@0=5E0 A :>=A:> <;O:>. !JI>B> A5 ?>B2J@64020 8 >B ><5A 0@F5;8=, :>9B> ?8H5, G5 >0=, .AB8=80=>28OB 2>5=0G0;=8:, 2 B0;8O ?@57 548 3. 2 54=> =>I=> =0?045=85 >B 3>BA:8O :=O7 ">B8;0 ?@5BJ@?O; ?>@065=85, ?>@048 87409=8G5AB2>B> =0 A2>8B5 1J;30@8. >0=, 7=0G8, 5 18; 1J;30@8= 8 5 2>N20; =0G5;> =0 1J;30@8, :>8B> A0 18;8 ?>40=8F8 =0 @8<A:0B0 8<?5@8O. >@40= ?J:, :>9B> 5 682O; 2 H5AB8 25:, :0720, G5 2 >;=0 878O, 2 "@0:8O 8;8 0:54>=8O A0<> 1J;30@8 6825OB. (Inter vero Thraciam vel Macedoniam et Mysiam inferiorem modo Bulgari habitant.  Rav. Cosmographus, IV, 6) >;=><8789F8B5, B@0:89F8B5 8 <0:54>=F8B5, :>8B> >B ?>-AB0@8B5 ?8A0B5;8 A5 AG8B0E0 70 <878, >B >@40= A5 AG8B0B 70 1J;30@8. ">20 A5 @0718@0 8 >B ><5A 0@F5;8=, :>9B> ?8H5, G5 ?0B@8F8OB &8B0 18; @0718B ?@57 535 3. :@09 @. /=B@0 2 878O >B 1J;30@8, B0 5420 871O30; ?@57 H8?G5=A:8O ?@>E>4 :J< &0@83@04.  "5>D8;0:B !8<>:0B0 AG8B0 1J;30@8B5 70 <878. ">9 ?8H5, G5 010@8B5 2J2 2>9=0B0 A8 ?@>B82 870=B8O A5 18;8 A4@C68;8 AJA A:8B8 8 <878, 4>:0B> 4@C38 02B>@8 ?8H0B, G5 A5 18;8 A4@C68;8 A EC=8 8 1J;30@8. <5AB> 1J;30@8, !8<>:0B0 :0720 <878. > AJI8O =0G8= AE20I0 1J;30@8B5 8 >=0@0. 0B> >?8A20 A@065=85B> =0 2JAB0=0;8O ?@57 515 3. 8B0;80=, =0G5;> =0 EC=8 8 1J;30@8, ?@>B82 8<?5@0B>@ =0AB0A89, ?8H5, G5 70 40 70I8B8 &0@83@04, =0AB0A89 873@048; ?@>B82 =0E;C20=5B> =0 <878B5 8;8 1J;30@8B5 8 A:8B8B5 (EC=8B5) 54=0 4J;30 AB5=0 >B '5@=> <>@5 4> !8;82@8O =0 @0<>@=> <>@5. 878B5, 7=0G8, A5 =0@8G0B 8 1J;30@8, 0 EC=8B5  A:8B8.  >0=, 2;048:0B0 =0 8:8C, :0B> >?8A20 A@065=8OB0 (>:>;> 0@=0, 2 0;:0 !:8B8O) =0 AJI8O 8B0;80=, (@>45= 2 0;4010, 4=5A (C<5= 2 878O), A 2>5=0G0;=8:0 =0 8<?. =0AB0A89, ?8H5, G5 8B0;80=, :>9B> A5 >BB53;8 :J< (C<5=A:> 2 878O, A5 18; >BB53;8; 2  ?@>28=F8OB0 J;30@8O . >0= >B 8:8C =5 A0<> =0@8G0 878O A 8<5B> J;30@8O, => :0720 >I5, G5 J;30@8O 5 18;0 @8<A:0 ?@>28=F8O. ">20 A5 ?>B2J@64020 8 >B >=AB0=B8= 03@O=>@>4=8, :>9B> ?8H5, G5 4> 8<?5@0B>@ %5@0:;89 (610-642) J;30@8O A5 5 =0<8@0;0 ?>4 @8<A:0 2;0AB. =0G8 J;30@8O 5 18;0 @8<A:0 ?@>28=F8O 4> %5@0:;89 8 4> @>20B, :>9B> O >A2>1>48. 8<;O=8B5 A0 ?>:>@8;8 BC: <878, :>8B> 2 ?>A;54AB285 B5 =0@5:>E0 vulgares (<=>78=AB2>B>, ?@>AB>;N485B>) 8;8 1J;30@8.  <0;:>B> 68B85 =0 A2. ;8<5=B E@84A:8 ?J: A5 :0720, G5 A2. ;8<5=B ?@>87;870; >B 52@>?59A:8B5 <878 (8<0;> 5 8 <0;>0780BA:8 <878), :>8B> ?>@048 <=>65AB2>B> A8 A5 =0@8G0B 1J;30@8. B 2A8G:8 B578 40==8 A5 28640, G5 <878B5 =5 A0 87G57=0;8, 0 A0 =0@5G5=8 1J;30@8. ;8 ?J: >1@0B=>, G5 4=5H=8B5 1J;30@8 =5 A0 =8I> 4@C3> >A25= =08<5=>20=85 =0 AB0@8B5 <878. >=565 <878B5 A5 ?@>AB8@0E0 G0: 4> >=8G5A:8O 70;82, 2 :>OB> >1;0AB 68255E0 8 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8, B> A5 @0718@0, G5 8 <0:54>=F8B5, ?>4>1=> =0 B@0:89F8B5, A5 :0720B 1J;30@8. "5 A5 =0@8G0B 1J;30@8, 70I>B> A0 <878.  ?>=565 A0 <8789A:8 ?>B><F8, B5 A0 ?>B><F8 =0 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8, ?>=565 8 B5 1OE0 <878. 0:54>=F8B5 =09-=0?@54 1OE0 =0@5G5=8 ?5;0738, ?>A;5 <878 8 =09-=0:@0O 1J;30@8. J;30@8 1OE0 =0@5G5=8 8 <8@<84>=8B5. 0;0;0 >0= (6 2., AB@. 97) ?8H5, G5 2 "@>O=A:0B0 2>9=0 E8; 5 8<0; A2>O A>1AB25=0 2>9A:0, AJAB>OI0 A5 >B B0:0 =0@5G5=8B5 B>3020 <8@<84>=8, :>8B> A530 (6 2.) A5 =0@8G0B 1J;30@8. ( ' "!", !" . 12) 878B5 8;8 B@0:>8;8@89F8B5 A0 A5 45;8;8 2 =09-AB0@> 2@5<5 =0 420 3;02=8 4O;0: A:8B8 8 :8<5@88.  54=8B5, 8 4@C38B5 A5 =0@8G0B 4=5A 1J;30@8. 0B> A:8B8 2 =09-AB0@> 2@5<5 A0 >7=0G020=8 ?@548<=> :@094C=02A:8B5 68B5;8 8 68B5;8B5 =0 A525@ >B C=02.  :0B> :8<5@88  B@0:89F8B5 4> >AD>@0, 70B>20 4@C3>B> 8<5 =0 >AD>@0 5 8<5@89A:8 1>AD>@. 10G5 >I5 ?@548 %@8AB0 =0AB0=0 @071J@:20=5 =0 B578 ?>=OB8O, 70I>B> >I5 %5@>4>B >7=0G020H5 :0B> A:8B8 8 B@0:89F8B5 4> '5@=>, @0<>@=> 8 359A:> <>@5.  >1@0B=>  :0B> :8<5@88/:8<15@8/:8<1@8 A0 >7=0G020=8 8 AJA54=8B5 =0 35@<0=F8B5 3>@=>?0=>=F8. O:>8 <>45@=8 CG5=8 AG8B0B :8<15@8B5 4>B>;:>20 70 AB0@ 52@>?59A:8 =0@>4, G5 4065 38 >1O28E0 70 35@<0=A:> ?;5<5. <5==> B578 :8<15@8 8;8 :8<5@88 A5 =0@5:>E0 ?>A;5 EC=8. <5B> B8;0 18;> 35@<0=A:0 4C<0 8 7=0G5;0 10I8G:>. 10G5 @>:>?89 ?@>4J;6020H5 40 AG8B0 B@0:89A:8B5 :8<5@88 70 EC=8. "578 =53>28 EC=8 68255E0 :0B> :8<5@88 >B ?@02@5<5 =5 A0<> ?>:@09 >AD>@0, => >18B020E0 8 %5@A>=5A, B.5. 0;8?>;A:8O ?>;C>AB@>2. !?>@54 @>:>?89 @8<;O=8B5 ?>:>@8;8 BC: EC=8. 0 B@0:89F8 5 AG8B0; EC=8B5 8 >0= 0;0;0. @>:>?8528B5 :8<5@88-EC=8 68255E0 2 7B>G=0 "@0:8O 4> >AD>@0. "OE >@40=, :0:B> A?><5=0E<5 ?>-?@548, =0@8G0 1J;30@8, :0B> >AB028 8<5B> EC=8 70 70?04=8B5 EC=8  ?0=>=F8B5. > 8 <0A035B8B5 (35B8B5) @>:>?89 =0@5G5 EC=8, 70I>B> B>9 =0 4@C3> <OAB> ?8H5, G5 <0A035B8B5 A5 :0720;8 2 =53>2> 2@5<5 EC=8. B <0A035BA:8 8;8 EC=A:8 ?@>87E>4 A?>@54 @>:>?89 5 18; 8 ?@>GCB8OB 2>5=0G0;=8: =0 .AB8=80=  5;870@, :>9B> 5 @>45= 2 5@<0=8O, 4=5H=0 !0?0@520 10=O, C?=8H:>.  <80= 0@F5;8= (23, 5, 16) ?>AB02O <0A035B8B5 2 AJA54AB2> A 0;10=F8B5. !B@01>= ?J: 38 ?>AB02O :0B> 87B>G=8 AJA548 =0 40:8B5.  %5@>4>B >7=0G020 <0A035B8B5 :0B> B@0:89A:8 =0@>4. ">9 ?8H5 (I, 205, 211 8 4@.), G5 <0A035BA:0B0 F0@8F0 "><8@0 @0718;0 ?5@A89A:8O F0@ 8@0 :@09 @. %01@0:A5A (%51@CA, 0@8F0), >BB53;8;0 A5 2 0;:0 !:8B8O 8 >A=>20;0 3@04 "><8 (4=5H5= >=AB0=F0). "J9 G5 0;:0 !:8B8O 5 18;0 =0A5;5=0 2 AB0@> 2@5<5 A <0A035B8. "578 <0A035B8 1OE0 =0@5G5=8 >B 4@C38 02B>@8 EC=8, 70I>B> =85 =0<8@0<5, G5 ?8A0B5;8 >B 4 8 5 25: 3>2>@OB ?> B578 <5AB0 70 EC=8. 0?@8<5@ 5@>=8< ?8H5, G5 68255I8B5 ?>:@09 C=02 EC=8 CG8;8 ?A0;B8@0, 0 !>7><5= ?J: ?8H5, G5 68255I8B5 :@09 C=02 EC=8 >1>6020;8 "5>B8<0, 2;048:0B0 =0 "><8, ?>@048 4>1@>45B5;8B5 <C. @094C=02A:8B5 A:8B8  <0A035B8  EC=8 A0 18;8 E@8AB8O=8. 0B8=A:8B5 ?8A0B5;8 :0B> =>489, 0A8>4>@, ><5A 0@F5;8=, >@40= 8 4@. =0@5:>E0 <8789F8B5/B@0:>8;8@89F8B5 1J;30@8, 0 8<5B> EC=8 >AB028E0 A0<> 70 40:89F8B5. >=565 8 EC=8B5 A5 =0@5:>E0 >B?>A;5 1J;30@8, <>65< 40 :065<, G5 4=5H=8B5 1J;30@8 A0 ?>B><F8 =0 AB0@8B5 <878, <8@<84>=8, :8<5@88, <0A035B8 8;8 35B8, A:8B8. "C: >10G5 =85 =O<0<5 @01>B0 A >B45;=8 @0A8, 0 A ?>4@0745;5=8O =0 54=0 8 AJI0 @0A0, :>OB> I5 =0@5G5< <8789A:0 8;8 B@0:89A:0 @0A0. 070=> A =O:>;:> 4C<8  4=5H=8B5 1J;30@8 A0 ?>B><F8 =0 AB0@8B5 <878. 070=> =0>?0:8  AB0@8B5 <878 A0 1J;30@8. J;30@8B5 A0 <878 8 AB0@8 B@0:>8;8@89F8 =5 A0<> ?>@048 :070=>B> 4>BC:, => 8 ?>@048 D0:B0, G5 4>A530 =5 A0 =0<5@5=8 :0B53>@8G=8 40==8, >B :>8B> 40 A5 28640, G5 B5 A0 :JA=8 ?@8HJ;F8 =0 0;:0=A:8O ?>;C>AB@>2. 09 AB0@ >B 3@JF:8B5 02B>@8, :>9B> 5 A?><5=0; 8<5B> 1J;30@8, 5 >0= >B =B8>E8O. ">9 ?8H5, G5 >:>;> 480 3. 8<?5@0B>@ 5=>= A5 18; >1J@=0; 70 ?><>I :J<  BJ9 =0@5G5=8B5 1J;30@8 ?@>B82 420<0B0 "5>4>@8E>2F8, :>8B> 2;0455E0 "@0:8O 8 70?;0H20E0 &0@83@04. 0720 A5  :J< BJ9 =0@5G5=8B5 1J;30@8 , 0 =5 A0<> :J< 1J;30@8B5, >B :>5B> A5 @0718@0, G5 4>A530H=>B> 8<5 =0 1J;30@8B5 5 18;> 4@C3>  <878, :>8B> 25G5 =>AOB 5B=>=8<0 1J;30@8. J45 A0 6825;8 1J;30@8B5, :J< :>8B> A5 5 >1J@=0; 5=>= 70 ?><>I? "5 A0 6825;8 2 0:54>=8O, 70I>B> 5=>= 2 A;CG0O A5 >1@JI0 :J< !018=80= 5;8:8, 2>92>40B0 =0 45A0 (>45=), AB>;8F0B0 =0 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8. !018=80= CA?O20 A @07=8 <0=52@8@0=8O 40 87?J48 "5>4>@8E, A8=0 =0 "5>4><8@, >B 4=5H=0 ;10=8O, 157 >10G5 40 3> C=8I>68. 5=>= =5 18; 4>2>;5= >B B>20, B0 87?@0B8; C189F8 40 C18OB !018=80=. !;54 B>20 5=>= A5 A?@8OB5;O20 A "5>4>@8E 8 3> ?>41CB20 40 845 8 702;0455 B0;8O 70 8<?5@8OB0. ">20 A5 A;CG20, "5>4>@8E 702;04O20 B0;8O, => 70 A515 A8 8 AB020 8B0;80=A:8 :@0;. !;54 B>20 "5>4>@8E 8 870=B8O A5 AJN7O20B 8 =0?040B 8;8@89A:8B5 1J;30@8, :>8B> A5 ?@542>640B >B A8=0 =0 !018=80=, :>9B> AJI> A5 :0720 !018=80=. !@065=85B> 5 AB0=0;> 2 504 3. =0 @. >@020, ?@8 4=5H=0 N?@8O. J;30@8B5 18;8 @0718B8. !;54 ?>@065=85B> =0 1J;30@8B5 8<?5@0B>@ =0AB0A89, =0A;54=8: =0 5=>=, 70 40 ?>4G8=8 1J;30@8B5 ?>4 A2>O 2;0AB, 70B>G8; 8;8@89A:8B5 2;048F8.  8<5==> 2;048F8B5 =0 8H, !>D8O, NAB5=48;, E@84 8 8:>?>; (=0 >=8G5A:8O 70;82). =0G8 >B 8:>?>; (=0 >=8G5A:8O 70;82) 4> 8H ?> >=>20 2@5<5 A0 6825;8 1J;30@8. =0AB0A89 5 8A:0; 40 ?>4G8=8 B578 1J;30@8 ?>4 3@JF:0B0 FJ@:20, ?J: 8 ?>4 @8<A:0 2;0AB. !;54 B>20 =0ABJ?20 =09-8=B5@5A=8OB <><5=B 2 1J;30@A:0B0 8AB>@8O. !525@=8B5 1@0BO =0 8;8@89A:8B5 1J;30@8  68B5;8B5 =0 !:8B8O 8 878O, ?><>;8;8 @>45=8O 2 (C<5= (0;4010) 8B0;80=, :>9B> 5 18; 3;02=>:><0=420I =0 2870=B89A:0B0 0@<8O (>10G5 A8= =0 0B@8:8>;  2>48B5;OB =0 D545@0B8B5 2 878O, :>OB> >B 5@>=8< A5 =0@8G0 J;30@8O, 0 >B >0= >B 8:8C  ?@>28=F8O J;30@8O), 40 ?>B53;8 ?@>B82 1571>6=8O =0AB0A89, 70 40 >A2>1>48 70B>G5=8B5 2;048F8. >;CA2>1>4=8B5 1J;30@8, D545@0B8 =0 7B>G=0B0 @8<A:0 8<?5@8O, 2JAB020B 70 >A2>1>645=85B> =0 AB>OI8B5 ?>4 ?@O:0B0 2870=B89A:0 2;0AB 8;8@89A:8 1J;30@8. ">20 2JAB0=85 25@>OB=> 5 18;> =09-A8;=> 2 !5@48:0 (!>D8O) 8 0CB0;8O (NAB5=48;), 70I>B> 2;048F8B5 =0 B578 3@04>25 18;8 254=030 >A2>1>45=8. 0@>4JB 2 &0@83@04, :>9B> <@075; =0AB0A89, A5 3>B28; 40 ?>A@5I=5 8B0;80= :0B> 8<?5@0B>@, => B>20 =5 AB0=0;>, 70I>B> =0AB0A89 =0A:>@> C<@O;, 0 70 8<?5@0B>@ 18; 871@0= =0G0;=8:JB =0 8<?5@0B>@A:0B0 320@48O  8;8@85FJB 8;8 <0:54>=5FJB .AB8= (518 3.). &0@83@04 8A:0H5 A B>78 8;8@85F 40 ?@8<8@8 8;8@89F8B5, :>5B> A5 A;CG8;> 4>=O:J45. 8B0;80= ?0: 1820 =07=0G5= 70 3;02=>:><0=420I =0 8<?5@0B>@A:0B0 0@<8O, => B>20 =5 B@05 70 4J;3>. !;54 54=> ?>4AB@5:0B5;AB2> =0 .AB8=80=, 1@0B>28O A8= =0 .AB8=, 8B0;80= 5 C18B, 0 =0 =53>2> <OAB> 70 :>=AC; 8 3;02=>:><0=420I =0 2>9A:0B0 =07=0G020B .AB8=80=. !;54 A<J@BB0 =0 .AB8= (527 3.) .AB8=80= AB020 8<?5@0B>@. J;30@8B5 >10G5 ?@>4J;6020B 1>@10B0 A8 70 ?>;8B8G5A:0 8 4CE>2=0 A0<>AB>OB5;=>AB 8 ?@8=C64020B .AB8=80= 40 >BABJ?8. >-?@548 A?><5=0E<5, G5 :>30B> 8<?5@0B>@ =0AB0A89 70B>G8 8;8@89A:8B5 2;048F8, "5>D0= ?8H5, G5 B>3020 A:8B8B5 8 <878B5 2483=0;8 2JAB0=8O 70 BOE=>B> >A2>1>645=85. 0B> A:8B8 "5>D0= >1>7=0G020 68B5;8B5 =0 A525@ >B C=02, :>8B> >@40= =0@8G0 A:;025=8 8 0=B8, 0 :0B> <878  68B5;8B5 =0 N3 >B C=02, :>8B> >@40= =0@8G0 1J;30@8. >0= 0;0;0, :>9B> =0@8G0 A:8B8B5 EC=8, ?8H5, G5 8B0;80= 2JAB0=0; =0G5;> =0 EC=8 8 1J;30@8. <5AB> A:8B8 8 <878, B>9 ?8H5 EC=8 8 1J;30@8. 0 =0A 2 B>78 A;CG09 =09-:><?5B5=B=8 A0 >@40= 8 @>:>?89, 70I>B> A0 278<0;8 CG0AB85 2 B578 AJ18B8O. >@40= 2 A2>OB0 Romana ( 8<A:0 8AB>@8O) ?8H5, G5 ?> 2@5<5 =0 .AB8=80= 1J;30@8, A:;025=8 8 0=B8 2A5:8 45= =0AB>O20;8 70 ?@0248=8. (instantia cottidiana Bulgarum, Antium et Sclavinorum, p. 52) :> 8A:0<5 40 A8 ?>A;C68< A 578:0 =0 ?>-AB0@8B5 02B>@8, 18 B@O120 40 :065<, G5 <878B5 >B:J< C=02 A5 A4@C68;8 A <878B5 >B2J4 C=02 8 A5 ?@8B5:;8 =0 ?><>I =0 <878B5, :>8B> 68255E0 2 0:54>=8O 8 >AB0=0;0B0 ;8@8O. @>:>?89, :>9B>, :0:B> A?><5=0E<5 ?>-?@548, =0@8G0 B@0:89F8B5 8;8 >@40=>28B5 1J;30@8 EC=8, =8 >?8A20 B578 AJ18B8O ?> A;54=8O =0G8=:   ;8@8O 8 FO;0 "@0:8O, B.5. >B >=8G5A:8O 70;82 4> ?@543@048OB0 =0 870=B8O, B0<, :J45B> A5;8I5B> A5 =0A5;O20H5 >B 5;8=8 8 E5@A>=8B8, EC=8B5, A:;025=8B5 8 0=B8B5 872J@H20E0 ?>GB8 2AO:0 3>48=0, >B:0:B> .AB8=80= AB0=0 8<?5@0B>@, =5?>?@028<8 7;8=8 =0 B578 E>@0 B0<. 7 <8A;O, G5 ?@8 2AO:> =0?045=85 1OE0 ?@5<0E20=8 8;8 70@>120=8 ?>25G5 >B 200,000 >B 68255I8B5 B0< 3J@F8, BJ9 G5 FO;0B0 B078 75<O (>B >=8G5A:8O 70;82 4> ?@543@048OB0 =0 870=B8O) A5 AJ548=8 =09-A5B=5 459AB28B5;=> AJA A:8BA:0B0 ?CAB8=O. (=5:4>B0 18, 20) ">20 A2845B5;AB2> 5 206=> >B <=>3> 3;54=8 B>G:8. 09-=0?@54 =5:0 :065<, G5 B>20 5 548=AB25=>B> A2845B5;AB2>, :>5B> A5 A>G8 70 4>:070B5;AB2>, G5 B@0:89F8B5 8 8;8@89F8B5 18;8 C=8I>65=8 >B A;02O=8B5. >30B> A5 ?8B0  :J45 A0 B@0:>8;8@89F8B5, >B3>20@O A5  5B> :J45: @>:>?89 ?8H5, G5 A;02O=8B5 ?@8 2AO:> =0?045=85 C=8I>6020;8 ?> 200 E8;O48 4CH8, 4>:0B> 38 C=8I>68;8 8 705;8 "@0:8O 8 ;8@8O.  :@0O =0 7 25: 4>H;8 <>=3>;A:8 1J;30@8 ?@8 4C=02A:8B5 A;02O=8, ?>:>@8;8 38 8 >A=>20;8 2 >;=0 878O 1J;30@A:0 4J@6020.  5B> :0: AB>OB =5I0B0 2 459AB28B5;=>AB: 0) B578 >?CAB>H5=8O =5 A0 ?@025=8 >B A;02O=8B5, 0 >B 1J;30@8B5 8 EC=8B5, :>8B> A0<> A0 18;8 ?>4?><030=8 >B A;02O=8B5. 1) B578 >?CAB>H5=8O =5 A0 A5 872J@H20;8 =04 <5AB=>B> =0A5;5=85  B@0:8B5 8 8;8@89F8B5, 0 =04 =0A5;O20=8B5 >B 5;8=8 A5;8I0. ">20 @>:>?89 5 87BJ:=0; 8 2 A2>O @07:07 70 2>9=0B0 A ?5@A8B5 (II, 4, 11), 2 :>9B> B>9 ?8H5, G5 EC=8B5 =02;57;8 2 "5A0;8O 8 A;54 :0B> C=8I>68;8 2A8G:8 5;8=8, A 87:;NG5=85 =0 ?5;>?>=5AF8B5, A5 2J@=0;8. ("!  '  15 AB@.) =0G8 A0 C=8I>6020=8 A0<> 5;8=8B5, 0 =5 8 ?5;>?>=5AF8B5, :>8B> =5 A0 18;8 5;8=8, 0 ?@8=04;560B =0 B@0:89A:0B0 @0A0. "@0:>8;8@89F8B5 =5 A0 18;8 C=8I>6020=8, 0 70I8B020=8. @C3>B> 206=> >1AB>OB5;AB2>, =0 :>5B> B@O120 40 A5 >1J@=5 2=8<0=85, 5, G5 4>H;8B5 >B:J< C=02 (8;8 >B 878O) EC=8, :>8B> 702;04O20B ;8@8O 4> >=8G5A:8O 70;82, A0 18;8 E@8AB8O=8. I5 5@>=8< (4 2.) ?8H5, G5 EC=8B5 8;8 35B8B5 CG8;8 ?A0;B8@0. (Hunni discunt Psalterium). =0G8 A0 18;8 E@8AB8O=8.  !>7><5= ?8H5, G5 >:>;> 390 3. 68255I8B5 ?>:@09 C=02 EC=8 ($ "! "!"  15 AB@.) >1>6020;8 "5>B8<, 2;048:0B0 =0 "><8. "578 E@8AB8O=A:8 EC=8 2JAB0=0;8 ?>4 2>48B5;AB2>B> =0 8B0;80= 70 >A2>1>645=85B> =0 8;8@89A:8B5 2;048F8 8 CA?5;8, :0:B> @>:>?89 ?8H5, 40 ?@8AJ548=OB 8 ;8@8O (8;8 75<OB0 >B >=8G5A:8O 70;82 4> 870=B8O) :J< >AB0=0;0B0 !:8B8O. 0I> 1J;30@8B5 8;8 EC=8B5, A:;025=8B5 8 0=B8B5 ?@8AJ548=O20B :J< >AB0=0;0B0 !:8B8O A0<> B078 75<O, 0 =5 8 75<OB0 >B B8=0 4> &0@83@04? 0I>B> =0 B078 75<O 1OE0 70B>G5=8 2;048F8B5, 70 G8OB> 70I8B5 B5 A0 2JAB0=0;8.  70I>B> 4> >=8G5A:8O 70;82 A5 ?@>AB8@0E0 <878B5/B@0:8B5. "J9 G5 B5 A0 >A2>1>64020;8 A2>8 AJ=0@>4=8F8, 0 =5 A0 =>2>4>H;8 0780BF8, :>8B> 8A:0B 40 ?@5275<0B GC640 75<O. !;54 :0B> 873>=20B 3J@F8B5, 8;8 ?>-B>G=> 3@JF:>B> 4CE>25=AB2> >B B578 75<8, .AB8=80= A5 >:0720 ?@8=C45= 40 AJ74045 >A>15=0 0@E85?8A:>?8O 70 B078 75<O AJA A540;8I5 2 E@84. "078 .AB8=80=>20 0@E85?8A:>?8O >1E20I0 ?@>28=F88B5 !@54875<=0 0:8O, @53>20 0:8O, J@20 (3>@=0) 878O, 0@40=8O, @520;8B0=0, B>@0 0=>=8O, B>@0 0:54>=8O (E@84), >@=0 ;10=8O, "5A0;8O, BJ9 =0@5G5=8O >AB@>2 2@8?>A, ?8@, 82048O (75<OB0 <564C "5A0;8O, ?8@ 8 >@8=BA:8O ?@>;82). ">G=> 2;048F8B5 =0 B578 ?@>28=F88 15H5 70B>G8; 8<?5@0B>@ =0AB0A89, 70 G85B> >A2>1>645=85 A5 1OE0 =0483=0;8 1J;30@8B5, A;02O=8B5 8 0=B8B5. 0:B> ?>-@0=> ?>A>G8E<5, 68B5;8B5 =0 B578 ?@>28=F88 28=038 A0 18;8 AG8B0=8 70 20@20@8 8;8 =55;8=8. 0 =55;8=8 8;8 <878, :>8B> A530 A5 :0720B 1J;30@8, 15 AJ74045=0 0@E85?8A:>?8OB0 J@20 .AB8=80=0. >=565 2 B078 0@E85?8A:>?8O 2;870H5 8 ?@>28=F8OB0 0:54>=8O, B@O120 40 :065<, G5 .AB8=80= 15 AJ740; A2>OB0 0@E85?8A:>?8O 8 70 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8, :>8B> A5 =0@8G0B A530 1J;30@8. J;30@8B5, 8;8 EC=8B5, A;02O=8B5, 8;8 0=B8B5, =5 4>94>E0 2 ;8@8O 40 C=8I>6020B 8;8@89F8, :0:B> B2J@4OB >=578, :>8B> =5 A0 2=8:=0;8 2 AJI=>ABB0 =0 2J?@>A0, 0 40 >A2>1>64020B 8;8@89F8B5 >B 2870=B89A:> ?>B8A=8G5AB2>. !JA A2>OB0 0@E85?8A:>?8O .AB8=80= >B45;8 4CE>2=> 8;8@89A:8B5 <878 (1J;30@8B5) >B 3J@F8B5. 0B>20 B078 0@E85?8A:>?8O 15 =0@5G5=0 >B 3@JF:8B5 FJ@:>2=8 ?8A0B5;8  1J;30@A:0 0@E85?8A:>?8O . 0 I0AB85 =0 =0C:0B0 8 8AB8=8B0, B578 >1AB>OB5;AB20 A0 ?>B2J@45=8 8 >B &0@83@04A:8O 2A5;5=A:8 AJ1>@ >B 869/870 3. ">78 AJ1>@ A5 AJ1@0 40 @5H8 40;8 ?>4 8< 8;8 ?>4 &0@83@04 40 A?040 B078 1J;30@A:0 FJ@:20. @5?8@=8B5, :>8B> AB020B =0 B>78 AJ1>@, A0 87;>65=8 ?>4@>1=> 2 :=830B0 =0 4-@ 0=G> &5=>2  @>20B>20 J;30@8O 8 ?>:@JAB20=5B> =0 1J;30@8B5 . )5 A?><5=5< A0<>, G5 >I5 2 860 3., 8;8 45A5B 3>48=8 ?@548 AJ1>@0, ?0?0 8:>;09 ?8A0 ?8A<> 4> 1J;30@A:8O F0@ 8E08;, 2 :>5B> B>9 8A:0; >B F0@ 8E08; 40 A5 2J@=5 AB0@8OB >18G09 =0 0?>AB>;A:8O ?@5AB>; 2 !B0@8O 8 >28O ?8@, B.5. 2 420B0 ?8@0 2 ;8@8:C<, 0:54>=8O, "5A0;8O, @53>20 0:8O, !@54875<=0 0:8O, 878O (3>@=0), 0@40=8O, @520;0, :J45B> B>9 5 @J:>?>;030; 4> 2@5<5B> =0 ?0?0 %>@<8789, 8;8 4> AJ74020=5B> =0 0@E85?8A:>?8OB0 J@20 .AB8=80=0. !JI> B0:0 8< 5 ?@5B5=48@0; 70 AC?@5<0B8OB0 BJ:<> =04 >=578 ?@>28=F88, :>8B> 1J;30@8B5 >A2>1>48E0 ?> 2@5<5B> =0 .AB8=80= >B 3@JF:0B0 AC?@5<0B8O 8 70 :>5B> 15 AJ74045=0 0@E85?8A:>?8OB0 J@20 .AB8=80=0. !J1>@JB 5 B@O120;> 40 @5H8 40;8 =0 8< 8;8 =0 &0@83@04 40 A5 ?>4G8=OB B578 ?@>28=F88. ">20, :>5B> =0A =8 8=B5@5AC20 8 70 :>5B> @07?@02O<5 B578 @01>B8, 5, G5 AJ1>@JB 5 =0@8G0; 3>@=8B5 ?@>28=F88  1J;30@A:> >B5G5AB2> 2 ;8@8O (Vulgarorum patriam quae in Illyrico constituta est) ...0 8<5==>: 20B0 ?8@0, FO;0 "5A0;8O, 0@40=8O 8 ?@., :0B> B>20 1J;30@A:> >B5G5AB2> 4=5A 70@048 1J;30@8B5 A5 =0@8G0 J;30@8O (Cuins nunc patria ab his Bulgaris Bulgaria nuncupatur). ">20 5 206=> 40 A5 87BJ:=5, 70I>B> 2 8AB>@8OB0, :>OB> A5 CG8 2 1J;30@A:8B5 CG8;8I0, A5 :0720, G5 >@8A 5420 18; AB83=0; 4> A@540B0 =0 0:54>=8O, 0 2A8G:8 BC: A?><5=0B8 ?@>28=F88 =8:>30 =5 A0 18;8 1J;30@A:8. ! AJI>B> 2@5<5 AJ1>@JB =542CA<8A;5=> 38 5 >B15;O70; :0B> 1J;30@A:8 75<8. 0 AJ1>@0 3J@F8B5 ?@5B5=48@0;8 70 4CE>2=> 3>A?>4AB2> =04 8;8@89A:0 J;30@8O, 70I>B> ?@548 1J;30@8B5 40 A8 O >A2>1>4OB, :>5B> AB020 ?> 2@5<5B> =0 8<?. .AB8=80=, B0< 5 8<0;> 3@JF:8 A25I5=8F8. "578 ?@5B5=F88 @8<;O=8B5 >1>@20E0, :0B> 4>:0720E0, G5 1J;30@8B5 2J7 >A=>20 =0 ?@02>B> =0 A@>4AB25=>ABB0 (G5 A0 >B 548= @>4) AJ548=8;8 A2>5B> >B5G5AB2> 8 A0 3> 4J@60;8 ?@57 FO;>B> 2@5<5 >BB>3020 (6 2.) 4>A530 (9 2.). (Quia Vulgares, qui jure gentili sibi partiam subjigantes, eam per tot annos retinent.) 0:54>=8O 8 4@C38B5 A?><5=0B8 ?@>28=F88 A0 18;8, 7=0G8, =0A5;5=8 >B 1J;30@8, :>8B> 2 6 2. A5 AJ548=8;8 A 4@C38B5 1J;30@8. >-=0B0< A5 :0720, G5 0?>AB>;A:>B> A540;8I5 =5 5 ?@028;> =8:0:28 ?>ABJ?:8 70 >1@0B=>B> 8< 705<0=5, 70I>B> 1J;30@A:8OB =0@>4 4>945 8 A8 38 >A2>1>48 2J7 >A=>20 =0 ?@02>B> =0 2;045=85. (Vulgarorum natio addit et sibi jure patestatis omnia vindicat) @02>B> =0 2;045=85 =0 A?><5=0B8B5 ?@>28=F88 A5 >1CA;02O >B ?@02>B> =0 A@>4AB25=>ABB0, :>5B> I5 @5G5, G5 2A5:8 =0@>4 8<0 ?@02> A0< 40 A5 C?@02;O20. 48= ?@8=F8?, :>8B> 5420 2 4=5H=> 2@5<5 A5 ?>O28 2 A@54=0 2@>?0. 0: 4J@6020 8 FJ@:20 A0 2J@25;8 7054=>, <>65 40 A5 2848 >B :070=>B> ?>A;5, G5 3J@F8B5 A;54 873C120=5B> =0 ?@02>B> =04 48>F570B0, 873C18;8 8 ?@02>B> =0 4J@6020B0 A8 =04 >1AJ640=8B5 ?@>28=F88 (>1;0AB8). 070=> 4@C3>OG5, 1J;30@8B5 A5 >A2>1>48;8 =09-=0?@54 4CE>2=>, 0 B0:0 8 ?>;8B8G5A:8. @E85?8A:>?8OB0 J@20 .AB8=80=0, 8;8 E@84A:0B0 0@E85?8A:>?8O, 5 ?J@20B0 ABJ?:0 >B CB2J@64020=5B> =0 1J;30@A:8O =0@>4. >A>G20<5 2A8G:> B>20, 70 40 A5 >1J@=5 2=8<0=85, G5 ?@57 870 3. 2A5;5=A:8OB AJ1>@ 5 AG8B0; 420B0 ?8@0, 0@40=8O, 0:8O, "5A0;8O 8 4@C38B5 ;8@89A:8 ?@>28=F88 70 =0A5;O20=8 >B 1J;30@8.  G5 B5 >B =0G0;>B> =0 6 25: (>B AJ74020=5B> =0 0@E85?8A:>?8OB0 J@20 .AB8=80=0) 4> 9 25:, G5 8 ?>-:JA=>, A0 18;8 =57028A8<8 >B 3J@F8B5 8 @8<;O=8B5. 5 A0<> 2 FJ@:>2=>, => 8 2 ?>;8B8G5A:> >B=>H5=85. %C=8B5, 8;8 1J;30@8B5, :>8B> A0 18;8 E@8AB8O=8 A5 24830B =0 2JAB0=85 ?> 2@5<5 =0 8<?5@0B>@ =0AB0A89 70@048 70B>G020=5B> =0 8;8@89A:8B5 2;048F8 8 A;54 4J;38 1>@18 ?@8=C64020B .AB8=80= 40 AJ74045 =57028A8<0 FJ@:20 70 1J;30@8B5 2 0:54>=8O 8 >AB0=0;0B0 ;8@8O. !;54 B>20 1J;30@8B5 >B:J< C=02 A5 AJ548=O20B A 1J;30@8B5 2 0:54>=8O 8 >AB0=0;0B0 ;8@8O. 5 A0 ?>:>@O20;8 ;8@8O, =5 A0 O 70A5;20;8, 0 A0 A5 AJ548=8;8 A =5O 2J7 >A=>20 =0 A@>4AB25=>ABB0 8;8 ?;5<5==>ABB0 (jure gentili). 0I>B> 8 <0:54>=F8B5, 8 >AB0=0;8B5 8;8@89F8 A0 ?@8=04;560;8 :J< AJI8O @>4, :J< :>9B> A0 ?@8=04;560;8 8 B.=0@. EC=8, 8;8 1J;30@8B5, :>8B> 68255E0 ?>:@09 C=02. 5 5 8<0;>, 7=0G8, C=8I>6020=5 =0 <0:54>=F8. >A530 A5 <8A;5H5, G5 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8 A0 18;8 C=8I>65=8 >B =0E;C;8 2 .AB8=80=>2> 2@5<5 A;02O=8. ">20 B2J@45=85 5 157 >A=>20, 70I>B> =5 5 8<0;> A0<>AB>OB5;=> A;02O=A:> =0E;C20=5. !;02O=8B5 A0 ?>4:@5?O;8 1J;30@8B5, 70 40 872>N20B 4CE>2=0, 0 ?>A;5 8 ?>;8B8G5A:0 =57028A8<>AB 70 8;8@89A:8B5 1J;30@8. 0:54>=F8B5 A5 =0@5:>E0 1J;30@8, ?>4>1=> =0 4@C38B5 B@0:89A:8 ?;5<5=0, 70I>B> A0 AB0@8 <878. "578 <878, :0:B> 2 "@0:8O, B0:0 8 2 ;8@8O, A;54 :@0O =0 4 25: A5 =0@5:>E0 1J;30@8. 1>1I5=>, =5 5 8<0;> C=8I>6020=5 8;8 ?J: 87G5720=5 =0 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8. "J9 G5 :0:B> 4=5H=8B5 3J@F8 A0 ?>B><F8 =0 AB0@8B5 3J@F8, 0 4=5H=8B5 0;10=F8 =0 AB0@8B5 0;10=F8, B0:0 8 4=5H=8B5 <0:54>=F8 A0 ?>B><F8 =0 AB0@8B5 <0:54>=F8. ;5:A0=4J@ 5;8:8 5 ?@>87;O7J; >B >=78 =0@>4, :>9B> 4=5A A5 =0@8G0 1J;30@A:8 =0@>4. ! B>20 A5 @5H020 =5 A0<> ?@>1;5<JB 70 =0@>4=>ABB0 =0 <0:54>=F8B5, => 8 ?@>1;5<JB 70 =0@>4=>ABB0 =0 1J;30@8B5 87>1I>. 0 40 ?>OA=8< B>20, =5:0 A5 2J@=5< >I5 254=J6 2J@EC ?>A>G5=>B> >B @>:>?89 A2845B5;AB2>. B =53@0<>B=>AB 8;8 4@C30 =O:0:20 ?@8G8=0 B>20 A2845B5;AB2> 5 ?@54020=> 4>A530 2 87>?0G5=0 D>@<0. >:0B> @>:>?89 ?8H5, G5 EC=8, A:;025=8 8 0=B8 ?@028;8 B0:820 8 >=0:820 >?CAB>H5=8O, 2 1J;30@A:0B0 8AB>@8O A5 A?><5=020B A0<> A;02O=8B5.  1J;30@8B5, 8;8 EC=8B5, :>8B> A0 18;8 2>48B5;8 =0 B578 >?CAB>H5=8O A5 ?@5<J;G020B. > B>78 =0G8= A5 AJ74045 C15645=85B>, G5 A;02O=8B5 A0 C=8I>6020;8 B@0:>8;8@89F8B5 8 A0 ?@5275;8 BOE=0B0 75<O.  1J;30@8B5, 8;8 EC=8B5, 18;8 4>H;8 >B >;30 5420 2 :@0O =0 A54<8 25: :0B> <0;:0 3>;0 8 4@8?020 >@48F0, :>OB> ?>:>@8;0 A;02O=8 2 >;=0 878O 8 >A=>20;0 1J;30@A:0 4J@6028F0. "578 EC=8 (1J;30@8) =8:>30 =5 18;8 2;04O;8 .6=0 "@0:8O 8 ;8@8O?! ">20 =5 5 =0C:0, 70I>B> 0:> @>:>?89, :>9B> 5 18; A5:@5B0@ =0 .AB8=80=>28O 2>5=0G0;=8: 5;870@, @07?@02O, G5 EC=8B5 18;8 AJ548=8;8 75<OB0 >B >=8G5A:8O 70;82 4> ?@543@048OB0 =0 870=B8O A >AB0=0;0B0 !:8B8O, B> =5 <>65 40 A5 :0720, G5 EC=8B5 18;8 4>H;8 2 >;=0 878O 5420 2 :@0O =0 7 25:. '5 =8:>30 =5 18;8 2;0455;8 .6=0 "@0:8O 8 0:54>=8O. =78, :>9B> @07?@02O B0:820 =5I0, 8;8 87>1I> =5 5 ?@>CG20; B578 @01>B8, 8;8 =5 BJ@A8 8AB8=0B0. !JI>B> A5 >B=0AO 8 4> =0@>4=>ABB0 =0 EC=8B5 8;8 1J;30@8B5. :> =0AB0A89 81;8>B5:0@ ?8H5, G5 1J;30@8B5 8;8 EC=8B5 705;8 F5;8B5 "5A0;8O, 0@40=8O 8 4@. 2J7 >A=>20 =0 =0@>4=>AB=>B> ?@02>, >B :>5B> A5 @0718@0, G5 1J;30@8B5 8;8 EC=8B5 A0 A@>4=8 A 68B5;8B5 =0 B578 >1;0AB8, B>5AB AJA AB0@8B5 8;8@89F8, =5 <>65 40 A5 :0720, G5 1J;30@8B5 A0 BC@F8, :>5B> =8:>9 =5 5 4>:070; 4>A530. !JI>B> A5 >B=0AO 8 4> E@8AB8O=AB2>B> =0 1J;30@8B5. ?>AB>; 025; 4>945 70@048 <0:54>=F8B5 2 2@>?0. :> B578 <0:54>=F8 6825OB 2 ;8F5B> =0 4=5H=8B5 <0:54>=F8, :>8B> A5 :0720B 1J;30@8, :>9B> ?>:@JAB8 B>3020 1J;30@8B5? :> 0?. 025; 3>2>@8 2 3 3;. :>;>A. 70 A:8B8, 0:> AB0@8B5 FJ:>2=8 8AB>@8F8 ?8H0B, G5 A:8B8B5 18;8 ?>:@JAB5=8 >B 0?>AB>;8B5 8 0:> EC=8B5, 8;8 1J;30@8B5, A5 AG8B0B 70 A:8B8, :>9 ?>:@JAB8 B>3020 1J;30@8B5? :> 1J;30@8B5 A0 <878, 0 <878B5 1OE0 ?>:@JAB5=8 >B 0?>AB>;8B5, :>9 ?>:@JAB8 B>3020 1J;30@8B5? :> EC=8B5, :>8B> >A=>20E0 1J;30@A:0B0 4J@6020, 1OE0 >I5 2 4 25: E@8AB8O=8 8 87459AB20E0 AJ74020=5B> =0 =57028A8<0B0 E@84A:0 0@E85?8A:>?8O, <>65 ;8 40 A5 :0720, G5 B578 EC=8 (1J;30@8), 18;8 ?>:@JAB5=8 5420 >B  E0= >@8A 2 9 25:? A8G:> B>20 <>65 40 B2J@48 A0<> >=78, :>9B> =5 5 ?@>CG20; B578 @01>B8, 8;8 ?J: :>9B> 5 =53>45= 70 =0CG=0 @01>B0. BDZH  " $ . 0 4 > D T X L(p+22404f4r4555,66N7T78V999H:^;f;~;;<6=:=@B(B.B:BCCdE F G$G>GFGpHHJJKKNNOO"Q6QQQSS6CJOJQJ]^JmHsHCJOJQJ^JmHsHCJOJQJ^J5\TBDXZ* J L N X l ,LNB r&(p++j+n-0015,6T78;:=@^DbEdE:F"M|NQUzVVxWWfX\Y\2]_|_dSUUfVtVzV|VVVfWhWtWvW(Z*ZZ[f[2\4\>\@\|\~\\\>_L_P_R_v_x_4bHbLbNb`bbbbbbbRcfcddddiiiikkkknnoooops*ttfutuuuuuPwbwwwLxNx\x^xnxpxxx5\CJOJQJ^J6CJOJQJ]^JmHsHCJOJQJ^JmHsHTddgiiiklnps(t*ttvvnxxxxyyy{{|z}~|xxVydyz{{{{{{{{||B|\||L~^~~~~~HJxzhւ؂xʆކT^4@LȈvЍj܎Nv:LޓDd8CJOJQJ^J6CJOJQJ]^JmHsHCJOJQJ^JmHsHV|P|dΕЕPR̘ΘZȢʢ̢΢8Rt֗ؗ"ȜƞܞTfʟ2FԠ֠ؠ8J^Ȣ§ħ^fȨFN²HJԴnʶ̶жظ>l.6CJOJQJ]^JmHsHCJOJQJ^JmHsHCJOJQJ^JV΢Т((§ħ̨Tprζжظx xHJ  VXbp<>@vx zX, .8F$24FH6CJOJQJ]^JCJOJQJ^JCJOJQJ^JmHsH6CJOJQJ]^JmHsHQt,. $F$zVXFH<.JLhjVdx6Hfhh&(68&(bdprZz  Z b    & B D    v :p>@6CJOJQJ]^JmHsHCJOJQJ^JmHsHCJOJQJ^JVhj , t v (*:<46vln0268vz0Z,.HJbd  nPR!!h!j!"#&&&&.'0':'<'''&((()),,l--\.^.p.r./D/1122p4r4|4~47886CJOJQJ]^JmHsHCJOJQJ^JmHsHCJOJQJ^JV!"#$,(B)*,-J/L/0577888D9F9::<@@$C888B9D::<<?2?4?6?X?Z?????@@@@@@LAZAB C$CCDPDFFFFGGGxH&J(JJJ8NOO@RRWWWYYVZrZh]j]x]z]laabbiiiijj6]6CJOJQJ]^J6CJOJQJ]^JmHsHCJOJQJ^JmHsHCJOJQJ^JF$CCCREGxHzHzK6N8N>O@O~PP,STVVVWWWW]]@aa.ddetgtg0hijj 1h/ =!"#$% i8@8 NormalCJ_HaJmH sH tH D@D Heading 1$@&CJOJQJ^JmHsH<A@< Default Paragraph Font>B@> Body TextCJOJQJ^JmHsHNP@N Body Text 2$56CJOJQJ\]^JmHsHHQ@H Body Text 36CJOJQJ]^JmHsHq!",-g|},  & '  !9EQI/ !$>%&(=)L)))3**K,,--E0F012223s4{5z6788y8997:J:K:r::::;;<<o=`>>w?V@@@vA(B_CODBETFFpHHHHIIIIfJgJEKKNNdOeOfOgOhOPQQQRRfRSTZUWX8Y9YQYgYhYlZ\]l^m^^^``qbcc:eegghhiiUjHk#lm=mo|pqq+r,rrsUt#u$uvvwyq{r{s{{{P~JG:;χĉʼn;EFl͎UߏLsLMm[\t bҟӟš<=?lG+ۮJps0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000Sx88j+d|΢$Ctgjj ",-<=EG|}tv_a  & '    %&26>@GQ  . / !!!!!!E"G"H"I"q"r"c#d#i#p#$$c%e%f%g%a&b&&&&&&&&&U'V'b'c'''''''''((((((;)>)A)L))))))) * *0*3*****+++!+%+'+.+0+,,,,,!,&,',>,?,B,K,--------&/'/0/3/Q/R/r/s/{/}/0!0E0G0M0N0X0Z0i0j0w0x0000000112222333355555588M8N8889 9J9N9|9999&:':.:0:5:8:@:K:l:m:q:r:::;;;;;;;;;< <!<<<= =a=b=m=o======== >/>0>>>>>3?5??G?I?R?S?Z?[?b?w?@@@AJAKAZA\AoApA~AA&B(B\BfBBBNCOC^C_CgChCCCCCVDXDDDDD3EBEEERFTFFFFF1G3GNGPGRGSGGGGGAHDHHHHHIIIIIIIIIIdJgJJJJJKKDKEKLLM MMMkNlNuNxNNNNNNN"O&O+O,O9O:OSOhOQQRRSSSSAUBUGUOUWUZUgUhUuUxU3V5V;V=VVVNWOW_WaW{WWWWWWXX X!X$X&X7Y:Y?Y@YCYGYOYRYeYhYZZZZkZlZ\\i^t^x^y^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^__aaaabbbbbbbbccAdBdIdKdeee+e-e9e:eeeeeeeffgfifjfgghhHhIhVhXhhhhhhhiimmnnoooo#o%ooooooo%p&p4p7phpipyp|pqqqqqq*r,rtt#u$uwwnwowtwwwxxyyzzzzzzzzq{s{{{||||Z|[|||}}}} ~ ~~~O~P~@AGJEFȃʃ҃ӃԃՃكڃ߃"&1;>?EFHIKLTUVW\]_`jkqsuv|}„Ä˄̄΄τԄՄׄ؄ބ  %&019;ABLMPQ\]deikmntuyzƅDžɅʅօׅمڅ #%/01289CDIJOPVX_`hinoxz OQrtĉȉ;>y|؊يߊ EF 78=>EFPSčƍTUޏߏRSXZ./8:"$89>AKNknxy"#()-57<DNX\rt "#*+/078CEHQVW_b%&ŸǟȟПӟghor<=FGMNEGDzȲϲҲJMNps "+-fg{}+,   % '  !89DEQHI. / !!k##$$=%>%&&''((<)L)))))2*3***>,J,K,,,----&/2/3/D0F0112233r4s4z5{5y6z67788x8y8996:K:q:r:::::;;;<<S<T<<<a=o=_>`>>>m?v?w?U@V@@@uAvA'B(B^C_CNDOD5EBESFTFFFoHpHHHHHIIIIeJgJDKEKKKNNNNVOhOPPQQQQRReRfRSSTTYUZUNW^W`WWXX7YDYFYhYkZlZ\\]]k^^^^````pbqbcccc9e:eeegghhhiiiTjUjGkHk"l#lmm?klFG*+~ڮۮIJos3333333333333IvanG:\makedonci.docIvanG:\makedonci.docIvanG:\makedonci.docIvanG:\makedonci.docIvanG:\makedonci.docIvanG:\makedonci.docIvancC:\Documents and Settings\Belokk\Application Data\Microsoft\Word\AutoRecovery save of makedonci.asdIvancC:\Documents and Settings\Belokk\Application Data\Microsoft\Word\AutoRecovery save of makedonci.asdIvancC:\Documents and Settings\Belokk\Application Data\Microsoft\Word\AutoRecovery save of makedonci.asdIvancC:\Documents and Settings\Belokk\Application Data\Microsoft\Word\AutoRecovery save of makedonci.asd@MMAM.|<>Rijnq@@6@8@|@@@@@@ UnknownGz Times New Roman5Symbol3& z Arial"qh)fM:K;_SL@!20d2IvanIvanOh+'0d   , 8DLT\ssIvanfvanvanNormalIvanl58nMicrosoft Word 9.0@Nš@Ӥ@Ԫ՜.+,0 hp|  ;K  Title  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root Entry F0 1TableEWordDocument"SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjjObjectPool0 0   FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q